Aucun !

Face à l'émergence de bactéries multi-résistantes aux antibiotiques, il est nécessaire de trouver de nouvelles molécules, actives contre les bactéries, ou qui inhibent leurs mécanismes de résistance et restaurent ainsi l'activité des antibiotiques existants. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mis en place un système de criblage robotisé à moyen débit permettant d'étudier l'activité de molécules sur des bactéries en milieu liquide. Les composés testés sont des molécules synthétiques, provenant de la Chimiothèque nationale du CNRS, et des extraits naturels de plantes. La collection de bactéries utilisée se compose de souches sensibles et de nombreuses souches résistantes. Dans le cadre de cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à la résistance par mécanisme d'efflux actif. Nous avons étudié en particulier deux systèmes d'efflux chez Staphylococcus aureus: la pompe NorA, qui confère une résistance multiple aux antibiotiques, dont les fluoroquinolones, et la pompe Msr(A), qui est spécifique des macrolides. Un premier criblage sur les souches sensibles (Escherichia coli et S. aureus) permet de détecter des molécules ayant une activité antibactérienne. Pour celles-ci, une étude plus approfondie est menée. Les molécules dépourvues d'activité antibactérienne sont ensuite testées sur les deux souches de S. aureus résistantes par efflux, pour déceler une potentielle activité d'inhibiteur de pompe. Cette activité est alors confirmée par des expériences d'accumulation de l'antibiotique. Au cours de cette étude, une nouvelle série de molécules présentant une bonne activité antibactérienne vis-à-vis des deux souches sensibles a été mise en évidence. Des résultats préliminaires indiquent que ces molécules inhibent la synthèse des protéines. Le criblage réalisé vis-à-vis de la pompe d'efflux NorA a mis en évidence trois familles de molécules actives, dont on a vérifié qu'elles permettent de restaurer l'activité de plusieurs antibiotiques efflués par la pompe. Un criblage similaire réalisé sur la protéine Msr(A) a révélé quelques touches qui montrent une synergie avec l'antibiotique efflué; leur activité sur l'accumulation de l'antibiotique doit être vérifiée. Par ailleurs, un modèle tridimensionnel de la protéine Msr(A) a été établi, par homologie avec les pompes cristallisées de la même famille (protéines à ATP-Binding Cassette). Ce modèle est en cours de validation.Aucun

Criblage antibactérien par une chimiothèque de molécules (recherche d' inhibiteurs de deux systèmes d' efflux chez Staphylococcus aureus : les pompes NorA et Msr(A))

PARIS-BIUSJ-Thèses (751052125) / SudocPARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocSudocFranceF

Identification of the Efflux Transporter of the Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin in Murine Macrophages: Studies with Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Cells▿

Ciprofloxacin, the most widely used totally synthetic antibiotic, is subject to active efflux mediated by a MRP-like transporter in wild-type murine J774 macrophages. To identify the transporter among the seven potential Mrps, we used cells made resistant to ciprofloxacin obtained by long-term exposure to increasing drug concentrations (these cells show less ciprofloxacin accumulation and provide a protected niche for ciprofloxacin-sensitive intracellular Listeria monocytogenes). In the present paper, we first show that ciprofloxacin-resistant cells display a faster efflux of ciprofloxacin which is inhibited by gemfibrozil (an unspecific MRP inhibitor). Elacridar, at a concentration known to inhibit P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), only slightly increased ciprofloxacin accumulation, with no difference between resistant and wild-type cells. Analysis at the mRNA (real-time PCR) and protein (Western blotting) levels revealed an overexpression of Mrp2 and Mrp4. Mrp4 transcripts, however, were overwhelmingly predominant (45% [wild-type cells] to 95% [ciprofloxacin-resistant cells] of all Mrp transcripts tested [Mrp1 to Mrp7]). Silencing of Mrp2 and Mrp4 with specific small interfering RNAs showed that only Mrp4 is involved in ciprofloxacin transport in both ciprofloxacin-resistant and wild-type cells. The study therefore identifies Mrp4 as the most likely transporter of ciprofloxacin in murine macrophages but leaves open a possible common upregulation mechanism for both Mrp4 and Mrp2 upon chronic exposure of eukaryotic cells to this widely used antibiotic

Characterization of Abcc4 gene amplification in stepwise-selected mouse J774 macrophages resistant to the topoisomerase II inhibitor ciprofloxacin.

Exposure of J774 mouse macrophages to stepwise increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic inhibiting bacterial topoisomerases, selects for resistant cells that overexpress the efflux transporter Abcc4 (Marquez et al. [2009] Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 2410-2416), encoded by the Abcc4 gene located on Chromosome 14qE4. In this study, we report the genomic alterations occurring along the selection process. Abcc4 expression progressively increased upon selection rounds, with exponential changes observed between cells exposed to 150 and 200 µM of ciprofloxacin, accompanied by a commensurate decrease in ciprofloxacin accumulation. Molecular cytogenetics experiments showed that this overexpression is linked to Abcc4 gene overrepresentation, grading from a partial trisomy of Chr 14 at the first step of selection (cells exposed to 100 µM ciprofloxacin), to low-level amplifications (around three copies) of Abcc4 locus on 1 or 2 Chr 14 (cells exposed to 150 µM ciprofloxacin), followed by high-level amplification of Abcc4 as homogeneous staining region (hsr), inserted on 3 different derivative Chromosomes (cells exposed to 200 µM ciprofloxacin). In revertant cells obtained after more than 60 passages of culture without drug, the Abcc4 hsr amplification was lost in approx. 70% of the population. These data suggest that exposing cells to sufficient concentrations of an antibiotic with low affinity for eukaryotic topoisomerases can cause major genomic alterations that may lead to the overexpression of the transporter responsible for its efflux. Gene amplification appears therefore as a mechanism of resistance that can be triggered by non-anticancer agents but contribute to cross-resistance, and is partially and slowly reversible

Characterization of Abcc4 Gene Amplification in Stepwise-Selected Mouse J774 Macrophages Resistant to the Topoisomerase II Inhibitor Ciprofloxacin

Exposure of J774 mouse macrophages to stepwise increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin, an antibiotic inhibiting bacterial topoisomerases, selects for resistant cells that overexpress the efflux transporter Abcc4 (Marquez et al. [2009] Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 2410–2416), encoded by the Abcc4 gene located on Chromosome 14qE4. In this study, we report the genomic alterations occurring along the selection process. Abcc4 expression progressively increased upon selection rounds, with exponential changes observed between cells exposed to 150 and 200 mM of ciprofloxacin, accompanied by a commensurate decrease in ciprofloxacin accumulation. Molecular cytogenetics experiments showed that this overexpression is linked to Abcc4 gene overrepresentation, grading from a partial trisomy of Chr 14 at the first step of selection (cells exposed to 100 mM ciprofloxacin), to low-level amplifications (around three copies) of Abcc4 locus on 1 or 2 Chr 14 (cells exposed to 150 mM ciprofloxacin), followed by high-level amplification of Abcc4 as homogeneous staining region (hsr), inserted on 3 different derivative Chromosomes (cells exposed to 200 mM ciprofloxacin). In revertant cells obtained after more than 60 passages of culture without drug, the Abcc4 hsr amplification was lost in approx. 70 % of the population. These data suggest that exposing cells to sufficient concentrations of an antibiotic with low affinity for eukaryotic topoisomerases can cause major genomic alterations that may lead to the overexpression of the transporter responsible for its efflux. Gene amplification appears therefore as a mechanism of resistance that can be triggered by nonanticance

Cellular accumulation of fluoroquinolones is not predictive of their intracellular activity studies with gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin in a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model of uninfected and infected macrophages

Fluoroquinolones enter eukaryotic cells but the correlation between cellular accumulation and activity remains poorly established. Gemifloxacin is known to accumulate to a larger extent than most other fluoroquinolones in tissues. Using murine J774 macrophages and human THP-1 monocytes, we show that gemifloxacin accumulates more than ciprofloxacin and even moxifloxacin. Whilst showing indistinguishable kinetics of accumulation in J774 macrophages, gemifloxacin was released at an approximately two-fold slower rate than ciprofloxacin and its release was only partial. Gemifloxacin was also a weaker substrate than ciprofloxacin for the efflux transporter Mrp4 active in J774 macrophages. In cells infected with Listeria monocytogenes or Staphylococcus aureus (typical cytoplasmic and phagolysosomal organisms, respectively), gemifloxacin was equipotent to moxifloxacin and ciprofloxacin in concentration-dependent experiments if data are normalised based on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in broth. Thus, larger cellular concentrations of gemifloxacin than of moxifloxacin or ciprofloxacin were needed to obtain a similar target effect. Fractionation studies showed a similar subcellular distribution for all three fluoroquinolones, with approximately two-thirds of the cell-associated drug recovered in the soluble fraction (cytosol). These data suggest that cellular accumulation of fluoroquinolones is largely a self-defeating process as far as activity is concerned, with the intracellular drug made inactive in proportion to its accumulation level. Whilst these observations do not decrease the intrinsic value of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of intracellular infections, they indicate that ranking fluoroquinolones based on cell accumulation data without measuring the corresponding intracellular activity may lead to incorrect conclusions regarding their real potential

Pharmacological characterization of 7-(4-(Piperazin-1-yl)) ciprofloxacin derivatives: antibacterial activity, cellular accumulation, susceptibility to efflux transporters, and intracellular activity.

To evaluate pharmacological properties (antibacterial activity; accumulation in phagocytic cells; activity against intracellular bacteria; susceptibility to fluoroquinolone efflux transporters) of ciprofloxacin derivatives modified at C-7 of the piperazine ring